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Learning Commons
Learning Commons
Learning Commons
E-mail communications from individuals should be cited as personal communications. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list.
See APA Blog for details.
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Sender First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Sender First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Example
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(K. Gaynor, personal communication, May 18, 2008)
The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University offers an online resource which can be used in some cases. However, it does not include everything required for citing sources in one place.
The APA citation style does not cover Canadian government sources, and has only a limited section on American government resources.
Please refer to the staff at the Library Reference Desk for clarification when citing Canadian government sources.